| 德國PILZ繼電器產品基本結構組成 |
| 點擊次數：793 更新時間：2021-08-03 |
基本組成： 1、指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)寄存(cun)器用(yong)來(lai)存(cun)放正(zheng)在(zai)執(zhi)行的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)。指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)分成(cheng)兩部分：操(cao)(cao)(cao)作碼(ma)(ma)和地(di)址碼(ma)(ma)。操(cao)(cao)(cao)作碼(ma)(ma)用(yong)來(lai)指(zhi)(zhi)示指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作性(xing)質，如(ru)加法、減法等(deng)；地(di)址碼(ma)(ma)給出本(ben)條指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作數地(di)址或形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作數地(di)址的(de)有關信息（這時通(tong)過地(di)址形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)路來(lai)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作數地(di)址）。有一種(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)稱為轉移指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)，它用(yong)來(lai)改變指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)正(zheng)常執(zhi)行順(shun)序，這種(zhong)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)地(di)址碼(ma)(ma)部分給出的(de)是要轉去執(zhi)行的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)地(di)址。 2、操作(zuo)碼(ma)譯(yi)碼(ma)器：用來對指令的操作(zuo)碼(ma)進行(xing)譯(yi)碼(ma)，產生(sheng)相應的控制電(dian)平，完成分析指令的功能(neng)。 3、時(shi)(shi)序電(dian)路(lu)：用來產(chan)生時(shi)(shi)間標志(zhi)信(xin)號。在(zai)微(wei)型計算機中(zhong)，時(shi)(shi)間標志(zhi)信(xin)號一(yi)般為三(san)級：指(zhi)令周(zhou)期、總線(xian)周(zhou)期和時(shi)(shi)鐘周(zhou)期。微(wei)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作命(ming)令產(chan)生電(dian)路(lu)產(chan)生完成指(zhi)令規定(ding)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作的各(ge)種(zhong)微(wei)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作命(ming)令。這些(xie)命(ming)令產(chan)生的主要依據是(shi)時(shi)(shi)間標志(zhi)和指(zhi)令的操(cao)(cao)(cao)作性質。該電(dian)路(lu)實際是(shi)各(ge)微(wei)操(cao)(cao)(cao)作控制(zhi)信(xin)號表達式（如上面(mian)的A→L表達式）的電(dian)路(lu)實現，它是(shi)組合邏輯控制(zhi)器中(zhong)最為復雜的部分。 4、指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)計數(shu)(shu)器：用來形(xing)成(cheng)下(xia)一(yi)條要執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)。通常，指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)是(shi)順序執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)的(de)，而(er)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)在存儲(chu)器中是(shi)順序存放的(de)。所以(yi)，一(yi)般情(qing)況下(xia)下(xia)一(yi)條要執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)可通過(guo)將現行(xing)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)加1形(xing)成(cheng)，微操作命令(ling)(ling)“1"就用于這個目的(de)。如果執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)的(de)是(shi)轉(zhuan)移指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)，則下(xia)一(yi)條要執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)要轉(zhuan)移到(dao)的(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)。該地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)就在本(ben)轉(zhuan)移指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)碼字段，將其直接送往指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)計數(shu)(shu)器。 微(wei)程序控制器的提出是因為組合邏(luo)輯設計存(cun)在不便(bian)于設計、不靈活、不易修(xiu)改和(he)擴充(chong)等缺(que)點。 微程序 微(wei)程(cheng)序(xu)控制(zhi)(簡稱(cheng)(cheng)微(wei)碼(ma)控制(zhi))的基本思(si)路(lu)是(shi)：用微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)產生(sheng)微(wei)操作(zuo)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)，用若干條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)組(zu)成一段微(wei)程(cheng)序(xu)實現一條(tiao)機器(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的功能（為(wei)(wei)了加以區別，將前面所(suo)講的指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)機器(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)）。設機器(qi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)M執行(xing)時(shi)需要三個階段，每(mei)個階段需要發(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)如下(xia)命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)：階段一發(fa)送K1、K8命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)，階段二發(fa)送K0、K2、K3、K4命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)，階段三發(fa)送K9命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)。當將第(di)一條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)送到(dao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)寄存器(qi)時(shi)，微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)寄存器(qi)的K1和(he)K8為(wei)(wei)1，即發(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)K1和(he)K8命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)，該微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)下(xia)一條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)地(di)址為(wei)(wei)00101，從中(zhong)取(qu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)第(di)二條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)，送到(dao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)寄存器(qi)時(shi)將發(fa)出(chu)(chu)(chu)K0、K2、K3、K4命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)，接下(xia)來是(shi)取(qu)第(di)三條(tiao)微(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)，發(fa)K9命(ming)(ming)(ming)令(ling)。 微程序的組成： 1、控制存儲器(qi)（Control Memory）用來存放各(ge)機(ji)器(qi)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)程序。譯碼器(qi)用來形(xing)成機(ji)器(qi)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)程序的(de)(de)入口(kou)地址。當(dang)將一條(tiao)(tiao)機(ji)器(qi)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)程序的(de)(de)各(ge)條(tiao)(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)逐(zhu)條(tiao)(tiao)取出(chu)，并送到微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)寄存器(qi)時，其微(wei)(wei)操作命令(ling)(ling)(ling)也就按事先的(de)(de)設計發出(chu)，因而也就完成了一條(tiao)(tiao)機(ji)器(qi)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)功能。對(dui)每一條(tiao)(tiao)機(ji)器(qi)指令(ling)(ling)(ling)都是如此(ci)。 2、微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)的(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)度直接決定(ding)了微(wei)(wei)程序控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)度。為了簡(jian)化控(kong)制(zhi)存(cun)儲器(qi)，可采取(qu)一(yi)些措施來縮(suo)短(duan)微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)的(de)寬(kuan)(kuan)度。如(ru)采用字(zi)(zi)段(duan)譯碼法一(yi)級分段(duan)譯碼。顯然，微(wei)(wei)指令(ling)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)字(zi)(zi)段(duan)將大(da)大(da)縮(suo)短(duan)。，一(yi)些要同時產生的(de)微(wei)(wei)操作命令(ling)不(bu)能安排在同一(yi)個字(zi)(zi)段(duan)中(zhong)。為了進一(yi)步縮(suo)短(duan)控(kong)制(zhi)字(zi)(zi)段(duan)，還可以將字(zi)(zi)段(duan)譯碼設計成兩級或多級。 CPU 是(shi)指(zhi)揮計算(suan)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)部件(jian)(jian)按照指(zhi)令的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能要求協(xie)調(diao)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部件(jian)(jian)，是(shi)計算(suan)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)神經中樞和(he)指(zhi)揮中心，由(you)指(zhi)令寄存器(qi)IR（InstructionRegister）、程序(xu)計數器(qi)PC（ProgramCounter）和(he)操(cao)作(zuo)控制器(qi)OC（OperationController）三個(ge)部件(jian)(jian)組成，對協(xie)調(diao)整(zheng)個(ge)電腦有序(xu)工作(zuo)極為重要。 指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)：用以保(bao)存(cun)(cun)(cun)當前執行或(huo)(huo)即(ji)將執行的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)內(nei)包(bao)含(han)有(you)確定操作類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)操作碼(ma)和指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)操作數來源或(huo)(huo)去向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)址(zhi)(zhi)。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)長度(du)隨不同計算機(ji)而異，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長度(du)也隨之(zhi)而異。計算機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)操作都是通(tong)過分析存(cun)(cun)(cun)放在指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)后再執行的(de)(de)(de)。指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸人(ren)端接(jie)收來自存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)端分為(wei)兩部分。操作碼(ma)部分送到譯(yi)碼(ma)電路進行分析，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)本指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)該執行何種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)操作;地(di)址(zhi)(zhi)部分送到地(di)址(zhi)(zhi)加法器(qi)(qi)(qi)生成有(you)效地(di)址(zhi)(zhi)后再送到存(cun)(cun)(cun)儲(chu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，作為(wei)取(qu)數或(huo)(huo)存(cun)(cun)(cun)數的(de)(de)(de)地(di)址(zhi)(zhi)。 存(cun)(cun)儲器(qi)(qi)可(ke)以指(zhi)(zhi)主存(cun)(cun)、高速緩存(cun)(cun)或寄存(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)棧(zhan)等用(yong)來保存(cun)(cun)當前(qian)正在(zai)執行的(de)一條(tiao)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)。當執行一條(tiao)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)時，先(xian)把它從內存(cun)(cun)取到數據寄存(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)（DR）中(zhong)，然后(hou)再傳(chuan)送至IR。指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)劃(hua)分為操作(zuo)(zuo)碼(ma)(ma)和地址碼(ma)(ma)字段，由(you)二進制(zhi)數字組成。為了執行任(ren)何給定的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)，必須對操作(zuo)(zuo)碼(ma)(ma)進行測試，以便識別所要求的(de)操作(zuo)(zuo)。指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)譯(yi)碼(ma)(ma)器(qi)(qi)就是做這項工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)。指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)寄存(cun)(cun)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)操作(zuo)(zuo)碼(ma)(ma)字段的(de)輸出(chu)就是指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)譯(yi)碼(ma)(ma)器(qi)(qi)的(de)輸入。操作(zuo)(zuo)碼(ma)(ma)一經譯(yi)碼(ma)(ma)后(hou)，即可(ke)向操作(zuo)(zuo)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)(qi)發出(chu)具體操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)特定信號。 程序(xu)(xu)計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)(qi)：指明程序(xu)(xu)中下一(yi)次要執行的(de)指令(ling)地址的(de)一(yi)種計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)(qi)，又稱指令(ling)計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)(qi)。它(ta)兼有指令(ling)地址寄存器(qi)(qi)和計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)功能。當一(yi)條(tiao)指令(ling)執行完畢(bi)的(de)時候，程序(xu)(xu)計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)(qi)作為指令(ling)地址寄存器(qi)(qi)，其內容(rong)必須已經改變成下一(yi)條(tiao)指令(ling)的(de)地址，從而使程序(xu)(xu)得以持續運行。 為此可(ke)采取以下(xia)兩(liang)種辦(ban)法(fa)： 第(di)一(yi)種辦法(fa)是在指(zhi)令中包含了下一(yi)條指(zhi)令的(de)(de)地(di)址。在指(zhi)令執行過(guo)程中將這(zhe)個(ge)地(di)址送人指(zhi)令地(di)址寄存器(qi)即(ji)可達到程序(xu)持續運(yun)行的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)個(ge)方法(fa)適用于(yu)早期以磁鼓(gu)、延遲(chi)線等(deng)(deng)串行裝置(zhi)作為主(zhu)存儲器(qi)的(de)(de)計算(suan)機。根據本條指(zhi)令的(de)(de)執行時間恰當地(di)決(jue)定下一(yi)條指(zhi)令的(de)(de)地(di)址就(jiu)可以縮短讀取下一(yi)條指(zhi)令的(de)(de)等(deng)(deng)待時間，從(cong)而收(shou)到提高(gao)程序(xu)運(yun)行速度的(de)(de)效果。 第(di)二種(zhong)辦法(fa)是(shi)順序(xu)(xu)(xu)執(zhi)行(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)。一個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)由若干個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，每個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)可(ke)以(yi)設計(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)順序(xu)(xu)(xu)地(di)(di)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)放在存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)儲器(qi)之(zhi)中，所以(yi)只要指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)兼有計(ji)數(shu)(shu)功能，在執(zhi)行(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)中進行(xing)計(ji)數(shu)(shu)，自動加一個(ge)(ge)增量，就可(ke)以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)下一條(tiao)(tiao)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)，從而(er)達到順序(xu)(xu)(xu)執(zhi)行(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)辦法(fa)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)以(yi)隨(sui)機(ji)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)儲器(qi)作(zuo)為(wei)主存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)儲器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算機(ji)。當程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)需要從一個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)轉(zhuan)向另一個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)時，可(ke)以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)轉(zhuan)移指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)來實現。轉(zhuan)移指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)中包含了即將(jiang)(jiang)轉(zhuan)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)入(ru)口(kou)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)。執(zhi)行(xing)轉(zhuan)移指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)時將(jiang)(jiang)這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)送(song)人程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)計(ji)數(shu)(shu)器(qi)(此時只作(zuo)為(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)寄存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)器(qi)，不計(ji)數(shu)(shu))作(zuo)為(wei)下一條(tiao)(tiao)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)址(zhi)(zhi)，從而(er)達到轉(zhuan)移程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。子程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調用(yong)(yong)(yong)、中斷和陷阱的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)等都(dou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)。在隨(sui)機(ji)存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)取存(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)儲器(qi)普(pu)及以(yi)后(hou)，第(di)二種(zhong)辦法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體運行(xing)效(xiao)果大(da)大(da)地(di)(di)優于(yu)第(di)一種(zhong)辦法(fa)，因(yin)而(er)順序(xu)(xu)(xu)執(zhi)行(xing)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)已經(jing)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)主流計(ji)算機(ji)普(pu)遍(bian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)計(ji)數(shu)(shu)器(qi)就成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)中央處理(li)器(qi)*的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)控制部件。 CPU內的(de)每個(ge)功能部(bu)件(jian)都(dou)完成一定(ding)的(de)特定(ding)功能。信息在(zai)(zai)各部(bu)件(jian)之間(jian)傳送及數(shu)據的(de)流動控制(zhi)部(bu)件(jian)的(de)實現。通(tong)常把許多數(shu)字部(bu)件(jian)之間(jian)傳送信息的(de)通(tong)路(lu)稱(cheng)為“數(shu)據通(tong)路(lu)"。信息從什么地(di)方開始(shi)，中間(jian)經過哪(na)個(ge)寄存器或(huo)多路(lu)開關，最后傳到(dao)哪(na)個(ge)寄存器，都(dou)要加以(yi)控制(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)各寄存器之間(jian)建立數(shu)據通(tong)路(lu)的(de)任務，是由稱(cheng)為“操作控制(zhi)器"的(de)部(bu)件(jian)來(lai)完成的(de)。 操作(zuo)控制器的(de)功能就是根據(ju)指令操作(zuo)碼和(he)時序信號(hao)，產生各(ge)種操作(zuo)控制信號(hao)，以便正確地建立數據(ju)通路，從(cong)而完成取(qu)指令和(he)執行指令的(de)控制。 有(you)兩種由于設計(ji)方法(fa)不同因而(er)結構(gou)也不同的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)。微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)是(shi)指不可再分(fen)(fen)(fen)解的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)總是(shi)需(xu)要相應的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信(xin)號(hao)(稱為(wei)微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信(xin)號(hao)或微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)命令(ling))。一(yi)(yi)臺(tai)數字(zi)計(ji)算機基本上(shang)可以(yi)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)兩大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)---控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)就(jiu)是(shi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，而(er)運算器(qi)、存(cun)儲器(qi)、外圍設備相對控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo)就(jiu)是(shi)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種聯系就(jiu)是(shi)通過控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)通過控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)向執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)發出各(ge)種控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命令(ling)，通常這(zhe)種控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命令(ling)叫做微(wei)(wei)命令(ling)，而(er)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)接受微(wei)(wei)命令(ling)后所(suo)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)就(jiu)叫做微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)種聯系就(jiu)是(shi)反(fan)饋信(xin)息(xi)。執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)通過反(fan)饋線(xian)向控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)反(fan)映操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)情況，以(yi)便使得控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)根據執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態來(lai)(lai)下達新的(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)命令(ling)，這(zhe)也叫做“狀(zhuang)態測(ce)試"。微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)在執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)是(shi)組基本的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)。由于數據通路的(de)(de)結構(gou)關系，微(wei)(wei)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)可分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei) 相容性(xing)和相斥性(xing)兩種。在機器的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個CPU周(zhou)期中，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)實現(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定操(cao)作功能的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)命令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合，構成一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)格(ge)式由(you)操(cao)作控制(zhi)(zhi)和順序控制(zhi)(zhi)兩部(bu)分(fen)構成。操(cao)作控制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)用來(lai)(lai)發出管理和指(zhi)(zhi)揮全機工作的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)信號。其順序控制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)用來(lai)(lai)決定產生下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)地址(zhi)。事實上一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)機器指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)功能是由(you)許多條(tiao)(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)序列(lie)來(lai)(lai)實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)。這個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)序列(lie)通(tong)常叫做微(wei)(wei)程序。既(ji)然微(wei)(wei)程序是有微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)，那么(me)當執(zhi)行當前的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候。必須指(zhi)(zhi)出后(hou)繼微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)地址(zhi)，以便當前一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)執(zhi)行完畢(bi)以后(hou)，取下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)執(zhi)行。 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